How to write a PhD theis

In the below you can found out some links to webpages that, have suggestions on
"How to write a PhD thesis"

http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/thesis.html
http://staff.mbi-berlin.de/hertel/hinweise/hints-for-thesis.pdf


Also A nice link about How to arXiv the data of your work:
http://www.cs.wright.edu/~jslater/archivingdata.pdf

A list of Cosmology Books

I will try to list a dozen Cosmology books, sorted by chronologically order:
Also I include books on gravitation, general relativity and astronomy too.
This list will be updated once for a while.
the suggestion are welcomed.




1)Gravitation: Foundations and Frontiers by T. Padmanabhan (Hardcover - Feb 28, 2010)
2)Bayesian Methods in Cosmology by M. P. Hobson, Andrew H. Jaffe, Andrew R. Liddle, and Pia Mukherjee (Hardcover - Jan 31, 2010)
3) Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology: A Basic Introduction (Oxford Master Series in Physics) by Ta-Pei Cheng (Hardcover - Jan 11, 2010)
4)Fundamentals of Cosmology by James Rich (Hardcover - Jan 1, 2010)
5)Formation of Dark Matter Haloes in a Cdm Universe (Space Science, Exploration and Policies) by Nicos Hiotelis (Hardcover - Jan 2010)
6)The Cosmic Perspective: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology with MasteringAstronomy (6th Edition) by Jeffrey O. Bennett, Megan Donahue, Nicholas Schneider, and Mark Voit (Hardcover - Dec 27, 2009)
7)Extra Dimensions in Space and Time (Multiversal Journeys) by Itzhak Bars, John Terning, Farzad Nekoogar, and Lawrence M. Krauss (Hardcover - Dec 18, 2009)
8)Relativity: Modern Large-scale Spacetime Structure of the Cosmos by Moshe Carmeli (Hardcover - Dec 4, 2009)
9)Structures in the Universe by Exact Methods: Formation, Evolution, Interactions (Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics) by Krzysztof Bolejko, Andrzej Krasinski, Charles Hellaby, and Marie-Noëlle Célérier (Hardcover - Nov 23, 2009)
10)Spacetime, Geometry and Gravitation (Progress in Mathematical Physics) by Pankaj Sharan (Hardcover - OPrimordial Cosmology (Oxford Graduate Texts) by Patrick Peter and Jean-Philippe Uzan (Hardcover - Sep 28, 2009)ct 23, 2009)
11)Before the Big Bang: The Prehistory of Our Universe by Brian Clegg (Hardcover - Aug 4, 2009)
12)Introduction to General Relativity by Lewis Ryder (Hardcover - Jul 6, 2009)
13)The Primordial Density Perturbation: Cosmology, Inflation and the Origin of Structure by David H. Lyth and Andrew R. Liddle (Hardcover - Jun 30, 2009)
14)A First Course in General Relativity by Bernard Schutz (Hardcover - Jun 22, 2009)
15)Data Analysis in Cosmology (Lecture Notes in Physics) by V.J. Martinez, E. Saar, E. Martínez-Gonzáles, and M.-J. Pons-Bordería (Hardcover - April 1, 2009)
16)Structure Formation in Astrophysics (Cambridge Contemporary Astrophysics) by Gilles Chabrier (Hardcover - Feb 9, 2009)
17)Introduction to Astronomy and Cosmology by Ian Morison (Paperback - Dec 15, 2008)
18)The Universe Before the Big Bang: Cosmology and String Theory (Astronomers' Universe) by Maurizio Gasperini (Hardcover - Sep 26, 2008)
19)The Cosmic Microwave Background by Ruth Durrer (Hardcover - Sep 15, 2008)
20)Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, 2 Volume Set by Radoje Belusevic (Hardcover - Aug 18, 2008)
21)Cosmology by Steven Weinberg (Hardcover - April 28, 2008)
22)The Infinite Cosmos: Questions from the Frontiers of Cosmology by Joseph Silk (Paperback - April 7, 2008)
23)Discovering Postmodern Cosmology: Discoveries in Dark Matter, Cosmic Web, Big Bang, Inflation, Cosmic Rays, Dark Energy, Accelerating Cosmos by Jerome Drexler (Paperback - Mar 1, 2008)
24)Your Cosmic Context: An Introduction to Modern Cosmology by Todd Duncan and Craig Tyler (Paperback - Jan 12, 2008)
25)Galaxy Formation (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library) by Malcolm S. Longair (Hardcover - Jan 8, 2008)
26)Cosmology: From Alpha to Omega by Robert John Russell (Paperback - Jan 1, 2008)
27)A Primer On The Physics Of The Cosmic Microwave Background by Massimo Giovannini (Hardcover - Mar 4, 2008)
28)Gravity, Black Holes, and the Very Early Universe: An Introduction to General Relativity and Cosmology by Tai L. Chow (Hardcover - Oct 26, 2007)
29)The State of the Universe: A Primer in Modern Cosmology by Pedro Ferreira (Paperback - Oct 1, 2007)
30)Elements of String Cosmology by Maurizio Gasperini (Hardcover - Aug 6, 2007)
31)Dark Side of the Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Cosmos by Iain Nicolson (Hardcover - Mar 19, 2007)
32)Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology: An Introduction by Peter Schneider (Hardcover - Nov 14, 2006)
33)Calibrating the Cosmos: How Cosmology Explains Our Big Bang Universe (Astronomers' Universe) by Frank Levin (Hardcover - Oct 17, 2006)
34)The Physics of the Cosmic Microwave Background (Cambridge Astrophysics) by Pavel D. Naselsky, Dmitry I. Novikov, and Igor D. Novikov (Hardcover - Aug 28, 2006)
35)An Introduction to General Relativity and Cosmology by Jerzy Plebanski and Andrzej Krasinski (Hardcover - Aug 14, 2006)
36)Space-Time, Relativity, and Cosmology by Jose Wudka (Hardcover - Jul 31, 2006)
37)Astrobiology: A Brief Introduction by Kevin W. Plaxco and Michael Gross (Hardcover - May 15, 2006)
38)Physical Foundations of Cosmology by Viatcheslav Mukhanov (Hardcover - Dec 5, 2005)
39)Foundations of Modern Cosmology by John F. Hawley and Katherine A. Holcomb (Hardcover - Aug 25, 2005)
40)Universe by Martin Rees (Hardcover - Oct 3, 2005)
41)Tensors, Relativity, and Cosmology by Mirjana Dalarsson and Nils Dalarsson (Hardcover - April 4, 2005)
42)The Early Universe by Gerhard Börner (Hardcover - Aug 17, 2004)
43)An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology by Mark H. Jones and Robert J. Lambourne (Hardcover - Jun 14, 2004)
44)Introduction to Cosmology by Matts Roos (Paperback - Dec 19, 2003)
45)General Relativity, Astrophysics, and Cosmology (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library) by A. K. Raychaudhuri, S. Banerji, and A. Banerjee (Paperback - Nov 14, 2003)
46)Gravity from the Ground Up: An Introductory Guide to Gravity and General Relativity by Bernard Schutz (Hardcover - Nov 30, 2003)
47)Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity by Sean Carroll (Hardcover - Sep 28, 2003)
48)An Introduction to Modern Cosmology by Andrew Liddle (Paperback - May 23, 2003)
49)Modern Cosmology by Scott Dodelson (Hardcover - Mar 27, 2003)
50)Introduction to Tensor Calculus, Relativity and Cosmology by D. F. Lawden (Paperback - Jan 27, 2003)
51)Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity by James B. Hartle (Hardcover - Jan 5, 2003)
52)Introduction to Cosmology by Barbara Ryden (Hardcover - Oct 18, 2002)
53)Cosmology by Peter Coles, Francesco Lucchin, and F. Lucchin (Hardcover - Jun 15, 2002)
54)Cosmology: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) by Peter Coles (Paperback - Dec 6, 2001)
55)Structure Formation in the Universe (NATO Science Series C: (closed)) by Robert G. Crittenden and Neil G. Turok (Hardcover - Nov 30, 2001)
56)Theoretical Astrophysics: Volume 3, Galaxies and Cosmology by T. Padmanabhan (Paperback - Oct 14, 2002)
57)An Introduction to Mathematical Cosmology by J. N. Islam (Paperback - Dec 15, 2001)
58)Theoretical Astrophysics: Volume 2, Stars and Stellar Systems by T. Padmanabhan (Hardcover - April 30, 2001)
59)Theoretical Astrophysics: Volume 1, Astrophysical Processes by T. Padmanabhan (Paperback - Oct 2, 2000)
60)Large Scale Structure Formation (Astrophysics and Space Science Library) by Reza Mansouri and Robert Brandenberger (Hardcover - Aug 31, 2000)
61)Cosmology: The Science of the Universe by Edward Harrison (Hardcover - Mar 28, 2000)
62)Cosmological Physics (Cambridge Astrophysics) by J. A. Peacock (Paperback - Dec 28, 1998)
63)The Inflationary Universe by Alan Guth (Paperback - Mar 17, 1998)
64)Large-Scale Structures in the Universe (Wiley-Praxis Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics) by Anthony Fairall (Paperback - Feb 12, 1998)
65)Cosmology and Astrophysics through Problems by T. Padmanabhan (Paperback - Sep 28, 1996)
66)3K: The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (Cambridge Astrophysics) by R. B. Partridge (Hardcover - Sep 29, 1995)
67)The Early Universe (Frontiers in Physics) by Edward Kolb and Michael Turner (Paperback - Feb 20, 1994)
68)Structure Formation in the Universe by T. Padmanabhan (Paperback - Jun 25, 1993)
69)Physical Cosmology by Phillip James Edwin Peebles (Paperback - April 19, 1993)
70)Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology (Contemporary Concepts in Physics) (vol 5) by A. D. Linde (Paperback - May 17, 1990)
71)Particle Physics and Cosmology by P. D. B. Collins, Alan D. Martin, and E. J. Squires (Hardcover - May 23, 1989)
72)General Relativity by Robert M. Wald (Paperback - Jun 15, 1984)
73)Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars: The Physics of Compact Objects by Stuart L. Shapiro and Saul A. Teukolsky (Paperback - May 6, 1983)
74)Large-Scale Structure of the Universe by Phillip James Edwin Peebles (Paperback - Nov 1, 1980)
75)The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics) by Stephen W. Hawking, G. F. R. Ellis, P. V. Landshoff, and D. R. Nelson (Paperback - Mar 28, 1975)
76)Gravitation (Physics Series) by Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler, and John Wheeler (Paperback - Sep 15, 1973)
77)Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity by Steven Weinberg (Hardcover - Jul 1972)

Referance page

This post, is a very dedicated one to my research,
I list a huge amount of physicist, whom article's topics are about the accelerating universe, dark energy, modified gravity and cosmological observation related to the falsification of this theories.
In last name's alphabetical order, with arXiv page links.

Niayesh Afshordi -PI
Edmund Bertschinger - MIT
Sean M. Carroll- California Institute of technology
Wayne Hu - Chicago University
Dragan Huterer - Michigan University
Tomi S. Koivisto -Helsinki-Finland
Martin Kunz-
Shin'ichi Nojiri -Japan
Sergei D. Odintsov - Barcelona Spain
Gonzalo J. Olmo-Madrid-Spain
Levon Pogosian -
Alessandra Silvestri - MIT
Shinji Tsujikawa

Thank you Hubble!!!

It is a long time, that I am not writing in Tiyezerk., but undoubtedly I do physics, specially cosmology continuously.

Anyhow I decided to write more frequently here.

Today I was asked what are the main scientific discoveries achieved by Hubble space base telescope.

In the first moment I can't tell much about it, obviously because we owe too much to Hubble telescope, and cosmology really have a rebirth from the discoveries of Hubble telescope.

Anyhow later, I decided to categorize some of the most achievements of it as below:

1)Measurement of Cepheid variable and determination of the Hubble constant, which shows the rate of the expantion of the universe and indirectly determine the age of universe.

2)Astronomers from the High-z Supernova Search Team directed Riess and the Supernova Cosmology Project directed Perlmuter used the telescope to observe distant supernovae and uncovered evidence that, far from decelerating under the influence of gravity, the expansion of the universe may in fact be accelerating and that is the main fingerprint of unknown component of universe.

3)High quality optical spectra and images provide a valuable data for studying the relation of nuclei of galaxies and black holes.

4)Although Hubble telescope is the optical eye of earth, it also detect the optical effect of cosmological events which their peak are in other wavelenght like gamma ray burst.

5)Ultra deep Hubble image focus the telescope and got the furthest optical image of universe, which I wrote about it in a post later.

6)Detection of some objects or events in solar system, like the The collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 or the detection of Eris and Pluto

7)Hubble data on proto-planetary disks (proplyds) in the Orion Nebula

and many more...

thanks to Hubble

Shan Baghramian

Interacting Dark Energy Models

Accelerating universe causes to many-many models come to existence.

Whenever we do not have a plausible fundamental theory to describe a phenomena.

Immediately physicists go to phenomenology.

Interacting Dark energy models are one of those trying to describe the Accelerating universe.Recently a nice work done by Authors: Gabriela Caldera-Cabral, Roy Maartens, Bjoern Malte Schaefer with the arxiv address of arXiv:0905.0492 with the
Title: The Growth of Structure in Interacting Dark Energy Models .

Anyhow the interaction is common future in physics and why not to think about the interaction of unknowns!!!(Dark energy-Dark Matter)

Most distance object seen in Universe

The most distant object seen in universe was detected in April 23 by NASA Swift satellite.

A Gamma ray burst detected in redshift of 8.2 is the farthest object ever seen.

GRB 090423 was seen when it is about 630 million years after big-bang!!!

read the news here.

Physics and dimensions

Why physics is so much bizarre in different dimensions.

Starting the course of galactic dynamics in SUT we start to take a look to Poisson equation in two and three dimensions.It is interesting that the dimensionality effect so much on physics of gravitation. A test particle in a 3 dimensional symmetric sphere feels no force.But in 2 dimensions from a homogeneous ring exerts gravitational force on a test particle just because of dimensionality!!

Consequently one can I ask why we are living in 3+1 extended/for believers of higher dimension/ dimensions.Is there any fundamental physical reason behind it?

Design for an asymmetric universe

In the latest issue of Nature Physics Nature Physics 5, 89 - 90 (2009) ,there is a review article about the asymmetric universe by David Wands /
David Wands is at the Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK. /
Wand in this review article describe about the temperature anisotropies asymmetry seen in WMAP5 years data accordig to two hemispheres of CMB sky.Then he concluded that lately with the launch of Planck satellite and more accurate data about this asymmetry will force us to revise and change our inflationary models.
This is because the simplest one field inflation model produce a homogeneous temperature fluctuation,which in this case it is not satisfied.
Anyhow new observations may bring us to asymmetric universe.

Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2004

This picture is the deepest picture of universe in optical wavelenght!!!

Galaxies, galaxies everywhere - as far as NASA's Hubble Space Telescope can see. This view of nearly 10,000 galaxies is the deepest visible-light image of the cosmos. Called the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, this galaxy-studded view represents a "deep" core sample of the universe, cutting across billions of light-years.
The snapshot includes galaxies of various ages, sizes, shapes, and colors. The smallest, reddest galaxies, about 100, may be among the most distant known, existing when the universe was just 800 million years old. The nearest galaxies - the larger, brighter, well-defined spirals and ellipticals - thrived about 1 billion years ago, when the cosmos was 13 billion years old.
In vibrant contrast to the rich harvest of classic spiral and elliptical galaxies, there is a zoo of oddball galaxies littering the field. Some look like toothpicks; others like links on a bracelet. A few appear to be interacting. These oddball galaxies chronicle a period when the universe was younger and more chaotic. Order and structure were just beginning to emerge.
The Ultra Deep Field observations, taken by the Advanced Camera for Surveys, represent a narrow, deep view of the cosmos. Peering into the Ultra Deep Field is like looking through an eight-foot-long soda straw.
In ground-based photographs, the patch of sky in which the galaxies reside (just one-tenth the diameter of the full Moon) is largely empty. Located in the constellation Fornax, the region is so empty that only a handful of stars within the Milky Way galaxy can be seen in the image.
In this image, blue and green correspond to colors that can be seen by the human eye, such as hot, young, blue stars and the glow of Sun-like stars in the disks of galaxies. Red represents near-infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, such as the red glow of dust-enshrouded galaxies.
The image required 800 exposures taken over the course of 400 Hubble orbits around Earth. The total amount of exposure time was 11.3 days, taken between Sept. 24, 2003 and Jan. 16, 2004.